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EarthWINS Daily #3.86
2/3/98

Date: Mon, 02 Feb 1998 22:27:47 -0800 (PST)
From: Alice McCombs <amccombs@igc.apc.org>

Contents

1. EMERGENCY ACTION ALERT for SB 3, Wisconsin's sulfide Mining Moratorium
2. INDONESIA: Dayaks claim home of Rio Tinto board member
3. AUSTRALIA: AIRC backs Rio Tinto
4. AUSTRALIA: NT TLC condemns Labor leader over Jabiluka
5. Prince Edward Island vs MAI: the revolution
6. Year of the Ocean, 1998

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1. EMERGENCY ACTION ALERT for SB 3, Wisconsin's sulfide Mining Moratorium

Date: February 3, 1998
From: earthwins@earthwins.com

-->Senate vote on Moratorium may come today!

For Immediate Release
Please Distribute Widely

IMMEDIATE ACTION NEEDED!

 ***ACTION***

 Wisconsin residents are urged to IMMEDIATELY contact their Senator, and ask
 him/her to pass the Mining Moratorium Bill, SB3, without Amendment #4.

For state Senate e-mail addresses, see
http://www.legis.state.wi.us/senate/senate.html

 People who live outside of Wisconsin are requested to send an email
 IMMEDIATELY to Senator Robert Breske, <Sen.Breske@legis.state.wi.us>, whose
 district would include the proposed Rio Algom Crandon mine. Ask Senator
 Breske to vote for SB 3, the sulfide Mining Moratorium WITHOUT Amendment #4.

According to constituents in Senator Robert Cowles district, with
confirmation from REp. Spencer Black and others in Madison, the Wisconsin
Senate will go into caucus on SB 3, the Mining Moratorium, at 10:00am
tomorrow, Tuesday February 3. A Senate vote on SB 3 could come tomorrow after
the caucus.

Background:

On January 22, the Wisconsin State Assembly gutted SB 3, the Sulfide Mining
Moratorium Bill, with an Exxon/Republican amendment (#4). SB 3 then
subsequently passed in the Assembly 75-21.  The bill would have banned new
sulfide mines in the state until one such mine can be proven to have been
closed for ten years without causing pollution. Mining companies have not
been able to locate such a mine, but Amendment #4 redefined and weakened
the definition of acidic sulfide pollution, making it easier  to "prove" that
metallic sulfide mining is safe.

On January 23, just one day after the Assembly vote, Rio Algom announced
that it had bought Exxon's 50% share in the proposed Wolf River metallic
sulfide mine  near Crandon Wisconsin. Rio Algom's acquisition established the
company as the sole owner and operator of the proposed Crandon mine. Last
week Rio Algom announced that a new entity, the Nicolet Minerals Company,
will be
established to develop and operate the Crandon mine project.

While action against sulfide mining has focused to a large extent on Exxon,
opponents of mining are aware that Rio Algom's track record on mining
and its treatment of workers is allegedly worse than Exxon's.  Rio Algom's
Elliot Lake uranium mines caused the deaths of dozens of Ont ario miners in
the 1950s-70s (members of the  United Steelworkers) from silicosis and lung
cancer, the poisoning of the  Serpent River downstream and its  Ojibwe
community.

Serpent River Ojibwe band councillor Keith Lewis testified on Rio Algom's
Elliot Lake uranium mines. He said the Serpent River used to be one of the
greatest  sturgeon producing rivers in the province, but that ancient fish
has all but disappeared due to radioactivity and heavy metal contamination
from the mines, and that the only reason walleye are still present is that the
river is stocked for sportsmen. Lewis testified that he is one of many former
Elliot Lake  miners who now have serious health problems such as asthma,
bronchitis or cancer. The provincial  Health Ministry admits that the miners'
lung cancer rates are 300 to 500 percent above that of the normal
population.  Rio Algom is also on the Survival International Top Ten list
because of its Elliot Lake uranium mines. Lewis testified that the company
blasted a spiritual site, and added, "They have given money to the white
municipalities  which have a larger population... They say to the people of
Serpent River who live downstream.... you people are crazy." In Nova
Scotia, Canada, Rio Algom has still not cleaned up its East  Kemptville tin
mine, posing a threat to the multimillion dollar lobster industry.

Sulfide mining in Wisconsin's Northwoods, and particularly Rio Algom's
proposed Crandon mine, has become the number one environmental issue in
Wisconsin.  A strong grassroots alliance of Native American nations,
sportfishing groups, environmentalists, and unionists has put Exxon on the
defensive. Mining and Indian gaming are already the top issues in the
upcoming race between Republican Governor Tommy Thompson, and his
Democratic opponent, Ed Garvey, who is also an opponent of sulfide
mining.Legislative Republicans want to gut SB3 so Thompson can sign it and
thus take the issue away from Garvey. Thompson may veto an SB3 that is
intact, but mining opponents have many other
strategies on the local, state, federal, and tribal government levels.

SB 3 is now in the State Senate where senators will have the opportunity
tomorrow to reject Amendment #4. Although the Senate passed the bill in
March 1997 on a bipartisan vote of 29-3, the Senate's current actions are
unpredictable in light of recent intensive lobbying by Exxon, the mining
industry, and Wisconsin Manufacturers and Commerce (the state's largest
business lobby). Due to Sen. Lynn Adelman's departure, the State senate is
evenly divided between Republicans and Democrats.

For more background on mining, see EarthWINS at http://www.earthwins.com
and the Midwest Treaty Network web site at
http://www.alphacdc.com/treaty/content.html
For information on the track record of Rio Algom, see the Wisconsin Review
Commission's 1995 Report on the Track Record of Exxon and Rio Algom at
http://www.alphacdc.com/treaty/track-1.html

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2. INDONESIA: Dayaks claim home of Rio Tinto board member

Date: Thu, 29 Jan 98 11:02:44 CST
From: danny@staff.cs.su.oz.au (Danny Yee)
Organization: Basser Dept of Computer Science, University of Sydney, Australia

CAA Press Release

Dayak People of Indonesia stake claim on Toorak home of
Rio Tinto Board member

29 January 1998

A novel protest took place at 10.30 this morning to illustrate the
concerns of Indigenous Dayak people affected by the Rio Tinto Gold Mine
in Kelian, Kalimantan, Indonesia.

To highlight the company's shameful record in the area three Dayak
people (who've travelled from remote Kalimantan this week) made a claim
on the Toorak home of Rio Tinto Executive Director, Lee Clifford.  The
Dayak people claimed the site for development of rice paddies and fish
farms.

Their colorful protest, in traditional Dayak dress, illustrated the
forced removal of many hundreds of people from their land and the lack
of adequate compensation paid to make way for Rio Tinto's largest gold
mine.

Hundreds of landowners have been apallingly treated as a result of the
operations of the PT KEM mine (which is 90% owned by Australia's Rio
Tinto). Local people have suffered loss of land and income as well as
pollution and social upheaval. Community Aid Abroad has detailed many of
these cases in a report released this week.

The Dayak people will also deliver a video called "Letter to an
Australian Mining Company" which gives vivid testimony of their anger
about Rio Tinto's operations.  (Copies of this video on broadcast
quality betacam tape will be made available at the demonstration)

"We want to achieve significant changes for our community and
environment." says Pak Pius Nyompe, the spokeperson for the Dayak group
"If those changes don't occur then PT Kem (Rio Tinto) should get off our
land."

The author of the report, Community Aid Abroad's Policy Coordinator,
Jeff Atkinson, says "we're facilitating the protest this morning to
bring home the message that indigenous people have lost their land to an
uninvited Australian  company.  In a sense we are doing to Rio Tinto
what Rio Tinto did to them."

NB:  To arrange interviews call Andrew Dodd on +61 (0)3 9289 9444.

ENDS

Community Aid Abroad - http://www.caa.org.au/

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3. AUSTRALIA: AIRC backs Rio Tinto

Topic 22               Green Left #304 February 4, 1998    Response 20 of 55
peg:greenleft                 Green Left Weekly           12:25 PM  Feb  3, 1998

By Alison Dellit

NEWCASTLE - A decision by the Australian Industrial Relations
Commission on January 29 refused workers at Rio Tinto's Hunter
Valley No. 1 mine access to arbitration to resolve the
long-running dispute at the mine.

The dispute centres on attempts by Rio Tinto to introduce
non-union workplace agreements to the fully unionised site. The
company has said that its main objective is to break the power of
the Construction, Forestry, Mining and Energy Union at the site.

In November, after a four-month strike, the mineworkers
successfully applied to take the dispute to arbitration. Rio
Tinto opposed arbitration, preferring to break the back of the
union through a prolonged strike, and appealed to the AIRC.

The AIRC's decision forces the workers to resume industrial
action if they are to defeat the non-union work agreements. Mick
Kelly, vice-president of the northern districts CFMEU, told Green
Left the union was shocked, disappointed and angry at the
decision.

``This time it's not us who are the strike makers. The decision
puts us in a position where we have few options, but we are
committed to fighting this all the way.''

The union called a 24-hour stop-work from midnight on February 1
to discuss further action.

John Howard greeted the decision with enthusiasm, saying it ``is
a blow to the CFMEU, which boasts of being the principal ally of
the Maritime Union of Australia''.

First posted on the Pegasus conference greenleft.news by
Green Left Weekly. Correspondence and hard copy subsciption
inquiries: greenleft@peg.apc.org

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4. NT TLC condemns Labor leader over Jabiluka

Topic 22               Green Left #304 February 4, 1998    Response 21 of 55
peg:greenleft                 Green Left Weekly           12:25 PM  Feb  3, 1998

By Tim E. Stewart

DARWIN - Support for the campaign against the proposed uranium
mine at Jabiluka has been strengthened after the NT Trades and
Labour Council at its January meeting condemned NT Labor Party
leader Maggie Hickey for her ``public support for the abolition
of the three mines policy''.

The motion was proposed by Construction, Forestry, Mining and
Energy Union delegate Doug Heath, who was outraged by Hickey's
support for the proposed mine on talkback radio. Hickey also
argued for the abolition of Labor's three mines uranium policy at
the ALP national conference in Hobart last month.

A letter drafted by Heath on behalf of the TLC and addressed to
Hickey stated: ``It has been a longstanding position of the NT
Trades and Labour Council that there be no expansion of uranium
mining in the Northern Territory without the support of the
traditional owners. Whilst rednecks, racists and parties
representing the interests of exploitative capitalists have
chosen to denigrate the Gundjehmi Aboriginal Corporation, the
overwhelming majority of principled Territorians have accepted
their right, as the true traditional owners, to veto the
development of the Jabiluka uranium mine.

``The Trades and Labour Council is disappointed that you have
failed to represent the interests of either traditional owners or
the representatives of organised labour in the current debate
over uranium mining. To see you line up with [NT Chief Minister]
Shane Stone and his right-wing cronies on this issue is an
absolute disgrace.''

According to Heath, before the letter was sent there was sharp
debate over the content amongst Labor party members on the TLC.

First posted on the Pegasus conference greenleft.news by
Green Left Weekly. Correspondence and hard copy subsciption
inquiries: greenleft@peg.apc.org

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5. Prince Edward Island vs MAI: the revolution

Date: Thu, 29 Jan 98 11:02:34 CST
From: rkmoore@iol.ie (Richard K. Moore)

Elites act, revolutionaries plan, and events take control in unpredictable
ways.  Marx expected revolution in the most industrialized countries; it
came elsewhere.  Lenin schemed away in Switzerland and almost missed his
main event.  Vietnam came along, and a New Left spontaneously arose.  And
so on.

Would you have expected Prince Edward Island to launch globalism's
counter-revolution - to issue the "shot heard 'round the world"?  There may
be earlier candidates for "first shot", but this one has all the makings of
a strong contender.

It raises a pike against the very center of globalism's advancing forces -
challenging frontally the usurpation of national sovereignty and
particularly the elevation of capital itself to supra-sovereign status.
The MAI is the very bullseye on the standard at the point of the globalist
advance.

France took a rebel stance, but on secondary issues, and is being adroitly
coaxed back into line.  Cuba's stance is sufficiently radical, but
domination of the Third World has been perfected by five centuries of
imperialist evolution.  Norway took a stand against the EU partly on
grounds of sovereignty, but has not made the necessary generalization to
globalization.  Counter-systemic consciousness is coalescing in much of the
First World, but it has nowhere else reached expression at provincial level
as concrete and official government policy.

One is reminded of the assemblies in the American Colonies, when they began
to draft resolutions challenging the power of King George.  As in PEI, the
rebels were not in the streets but in the halls of government.  Each
referred to a legitimacy higher than that of their would-be oppressor: PEI
to Canada's constitution, and the Founding Fathers to the inalienable
rights of man.

Some colonies were in the vanguard, and needed to bring the others around
to the cause; PEI has a similar task before itself within Candada, as
(hopefully) will Candada within the West.  But the right example in the
face of today's global political volatility can be like a match in dry
grass - that which seemed reasonably tranquil can turn rapidly into
unstoppable furor.

The American colonies had one particular advantage: they controlled their
own press and Royal propaganda efforts were ineffective.  I don't know how
the Candadian press will treat the PEI initiative, but certainly in most of
the West it will be at first not covered, then downplayed, and finally
demonized.  For the example to achieve its potential global effect, it must
be perceived widely and with appropriate emphasis, and the crows of
globalism must not be permitted to defuse the situation.

It is up to aware activists and leaders and writers to CREATE this event as
a focal point for solidarity, to USE it as a rallying cry, to make their
SUPPORT known to Canada, to ENERGIZE their various endeavors from the font
of solidarity, to PRESS the counter offensive, to EXPAND the scope of
consciousness and action, and to TURN elite reaction into MOTIVATION - to
GO with the flow and REINFORCE the flow.

The moment must be seized, all opportunities are precious, and the window
for action is closing fast.  But the very possibility of real successes
creates a profound crisis: there must arise quickly a global strategy and
vision, a positive direction for radical change.  A purely defensive
response cannot prevail, and is not a counter-revolution: the globalist
organizing paradigm can only be defeated by a superior organizing paradigm.
Hannibal out-fought the Romans for thirty years, but in defense of a
status quo that could not be restored, and he had to lose in the end.

There is an urgent need for both tactical aggressiveness and strategic vision.

Make the moment.

-rkm

@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@
Date: Wed, 28 Jan 1998
From: CAP *Erie-Lincoln* <MAI-SUX@BigFoot.Com>
Reply-To: Constitutional-Money@pobox.com
Organization: Canadian ACT!ON Coalition News
To: MAI-SUX@BigFoot.Com
Subject: Gov't of PEI (Canada) MAI  (Oppostion Resolution)

An astute publisher once defined news as anything somebody didn't want
printed. Everything else, he maintained, was advertising.

Therefore, the following is NEWS:

by way of Bob Olsen/Toronto

W. J. Schleich            CAP *Erie-Lincoln*     CAPel@BigFoot.Com

--------------------------------------------------------------------
THEREFORE BE IT RESOLVED that the Government of Prince Edward Island
(Canada) insist that the Government of Canada impose a moratorium on
ratification of the MAI until full public hearings on the proposed
treaty are held in Prince Edward Island and across the country, so that
all Islanders and Canadians may have an opportunity to express their
opinions about it.

--------------------------------------------------------------------
Subject: Hold MAI! --PEI Canada
From: "Dale Wharton" <1@dale.CAM.ORG>
Date: 22 Jan 1998 22:15:57 GMT

Passed by the Prince Edward Island Legislature December 18, 1997,
Resolution No. 47--on the Multilateral Agreement on Investment:

WHEREAS the Government of Canada has been involved in negotiating,
through the Organization of Economic Cooperation and Development in
Paris, an international Economic treaty called the Multilateral
Agreement on Investment (MAI);

AND WHEREAS these negotiations have been conducted behind closed doors,
and that most politicians and ordinary citizens know little or nothing
about the MAI or its implications;

AND WHEREAS the most recent draft of the MAI indicates the prime
objective of the agreement is to allow the movement of money across
international borders by imposing a new set of rules restricting
countries from using legislation, policies, and programs seen as
impediments to the free flow of capital;

AND WHEREAS the most recent draft of the MAI indicates that if adopted,
transnational corporations would have the status of nation states with
certain political rights;

AND WHEREAS the most recent draft of the MAI indicates that if adopted,
foreign fishing fleets could have full access to our waters;

AND WHEREAS the most recent draft of the MAI if adopted, laws
restricting the foreign ownership of land on Prince Edward Island could
eventually be struck down and challenged under the MAI;

AND WHEREAS the most recent draft of the MAI indicates that if adopted,
it would have a major impact on many important areas of  Island and
Canadian life, including environmental protection, employment, wage
levels, social progams, and culture;

AND WHEREAS little information on the MAI has been provided by any
public body, and little public discussion about the treaty has yet taken
place;

THEREFORE BE IT RESOLVED that the Government of Prince Edward Island
insist that the Government of Canada impose a moratorium on ratification
of the MAI until full public hearings on the proposed treaty are held in
Prince Edward Island and across the country, so that all Islanders and
Canadians may have an opportunity to express their opinions about it.
.........................
http://www.gov.pe.ca/leg/hansard/1997fall/16dec/han40.asp#0

Bob Olsen      Toronto         bobolsen@arcos.org   (:-)

--------------------------------------------------------------------

For MAI-not subscription information, posting guidelines and links to
other MAI sites please see http://mai.flora.org/

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Date: Tue, 27 Jan 1998
From: jslakov@TartanNET.ns.ca (Jan Slakov)
Subject: misc. comments [& More on MAI rebellion]

        There are many people here in Canada working to fight the MAI.
There are signs that the corporate interests behind the MAI are thinking it
might be best to give in somewhat on this one but to get what they want with
a series of smaller, harder to fight agreements.  meanwhile, I hope all the
good effort going into building anti-MAI coalitions can still be of use once
the MAI is no longer a headline grabber.  I think your efforts could be a
good forum for that...

If you have time, I thought you might be interested to see that a legal
challenge against the MAI is being mounted.  (I will copy a posting on this
below.)

There is also an effort, spearheaded by the leader of the Canadian Green
Party, Joan Russow, to declare the MAI illegal because it overrides many UN
treaties to which countries are signatories. (I could find that posting and
send it along if you would like.)

All the best, Jan Slakov

---

Date: Sat, 06 Dec 1997
To: cfogal@netcom.ca
From: CONNIE FOGAL <cfogal@netcom.ca>

DEFENSE OF CANADIAN LIBERTY COMMITTEE
C/0 CONSTANCE FOGAL LAW OFFICE, #401 -207 West Hastings St., Vancouver,
B.C. V6B1H7
Tel: (604)687-0588; fax (604) 688-0550; CELLULAR: 202 7334;  E-MAIL
cfogal@netcom.ca

"The constitution of Canada does not belong either to Parliament, or to the
Legislatures; it belongs to the country and it is there that the citizens
of the country will find the protection of the rights to which they are
entitled."  Supreme Court of Canada
A.G. of Nova Scotia and A.G. of Canada, S.C.R. 1951 pp 32-33.

======================================================================

WHAT YOU CAN DO
TO STOP THE MAI

The Defense of Canadian Liberty Committee is organizing a legal challenge
to prevent Canada from entering the Multilateral Agreement on Investments,
the M.A.I..Your financial contribution is needed now to make this challenge
happen. Legal work is ongoing and needs to be funded to prepare the
foundation documents and to carry the battle through the Courts.

This is new ground in law as the New World Order seeks to replace
centuries of democratic legal development with its own body of laws in the
interest of "The Evil Empire". Not only is the survival of Canada at stake,
but so is the well being of citizens of the world.

If you do not want a country or a world where only the managers of industry
and money and their shareholders  get the lion's share of the world's
wealth and where the rest get little, if anything, join us as we use our
law to try to close the door on "Globalization's Darker Side".

Some of our grounds: Under our Constitution- the Division of Powers,
Section 96 authority of Superior Court Judges, and the Delegation of
Sovereign Powers; Under our Charter of Rights and Freedom, s. 7(the right
to liberty and the right not to be deprived thereof) and S.15 (equality
before and under the law).

We can do something. One step at a time.  Let's take back our rights.
VIVE LE CANADA LIBRE!

               =====================================
Send your cheque made payable to The Defense Of Liberty Fund, c/o #401-207
West Hastings St., Vancouver, B.C., V6B1H7. Join us by sending your name,
address, telephone number, fax number, E-mail number to The Defense Of
Canadian Liberty Committee (see address and numbers above).

               ======================================

signature: Jan Slakov, CP 35, Weymouth, NS, B0W 3T0  (902) 837-4980

@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@

Dear Jan,

Thank for your message.  I didn't know of John Ralston Saul, but I'm glad
you introduced me via the forward.  You might pass on my address:
        PO Box 26, Wexford, Ireland

rkm

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~=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=~=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=~--~=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=~=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=~
Posted by Richard K. Moore - rkmoore@iol.ie -  PO Box 26, Wexford, Ireland
         www.iol.ie/~rkmoore/cyberjournal                   (USA Citizen)
  * Non-commercial republication encouraged - Please include this sig *
~=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=~=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=~--~=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=~=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=~

To join cyberjournal, simply send:
        To: listserv@cpsr.org
        Subject: (ignored)
        ---
        sub cyberjournal John Q. Doe          <-- your name there

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+++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++

6. Year of the Ocean, 1998

envsubset                          list.epa                1:52 PM  Feb  2, 1998
(at epamail.epa.gov)

[Federal Register: January 30, 1998 (Volume 63, Number 20)]
[Presidential Documents]
[Page 4553-4554]
>From the Federal Register Online via GPO Access [wais.access.gpo.gov]
[DOCID:fr30ja98-125]

                        Presidential Documents

___________________________________________________________________

Title 3--

The President

[[Page 4553]]

                Proclamation 7065 of January 28, 1998

                Year of the Ocean, 1998

                By the President of the United States of America

                A Proclamation

                More than 70 percent of the Earth's surface is covered
                by water, and more than half the world's population
                lives within 50 miles of a coastline. We rely on the
                ocean as both a source and sustenance of life on our
                planet. It contains a wondrous abundance and diversity
                of life, from the smallest microorganism to the mammoth
                blue whale. It is a key source of food, medicine,
                energy, commerce, and recreation for the peoples of the
                world, and the more we learn about its influence on
                climate and weather, the more we realize its impact on
                our safety and quality of life.

                We are only beginning to understand the depths of the
                ocean's mysteries, but we are quickly learning one
                crucial lesson: the ocean's resources are limited, and
                we must work together to preserve them. Many areas are
                already overfished; decades of pollution, including
                industrial waste, sewage, and toxic runoff, has taken
                its toll on the health of the ocean and its living
                creatures. Many species of fish are threatened with
                extinction, and even our precious coral reefs, once a
                safe haven for an amazing variety of animal and plant
                life, have suffered greatly.

                Because the ocean is a treasure that all nations of the
                world share in common, we must work in partnership to
                become wise stewards of its many riches. We must strive
                together--at local, national, and international
                levels--to preserve the ocean's health, to protect the
                marine environment, and to ensure the sustainable
                management of the myriad resources the ocean contains.

                Dedicating 1998 as the Year of the Ocean is an
                important first step in this worldwide endeavor.
                Throughout the year, individuals, organizations, and
                governments will participate in activities designed to
                raise public awareness of the vital role the ocean
                plays in human life and of the equally vital role that
                human beings must play in the life of the ocean. The
                Year of the Ocean provides us with an extraordinary
                opportunity to learn more about the ocean's unique
                environment and to collaborate on protecting and
                preserving its invaluable resources.

[[Page 4554]]

                NOW, THEREFORE, I, WILLIAM J. CLINTON, President of the
                United States of America, do hereby proclaim 1998 as
                the Year of the Ocean. I encourage the Governors of the
                States and the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico and
                officials of other areas subject to the jurisdiction of
                the United States to participate in the observance of
                this year. I invite all Americans to take this
                opportunity to learn more about the ocean and its vast
                biodiversity and to become involved in keeping our
                coastal waters safe and clean.

                IN WITNESS WHEREOF, I have hereunto set my hand this
                twenty-eighth day of January, in the year of our Lord
                nineteen hundred and ninety-eight, and of the
                Independence of the United States of America the two
                hundred and twenty-second.

                    (Presidential Sig.)&lt;Clinton1&gt;&lt;Clinton2&gt;

[FR Doc. 98-2532
Filed 1-29-98; 8:45 am]
Billing code 3195-01-P

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